In tumors, syndecans influence growth and invasion, and perlecan promotes angiogenesis. For example, in cartilage and tendon, decorin 1 and biglycan 2 regulate collagen fibrillogenesis. Proteoglycans regulate and maintain the ECM. The major components include proteoglycans and fibrous proteins. The ECM provides structural support to the cells and provides cues for regulating cell differentiation, attachment and morphology, migration, and immune response. Understanding the interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for this process. Tissue engineering uses engineering and life science structure–function relationships to restore, preserve, or improve tissue function. Incorporating relevant biomimetic factors into synthetic scaffolds destined for specific tissue application could take advantage of and further enhance these responses. Cells migrate with higher velocities on nanofibers, aligned fibers, and high-porosity scaffolds but migrate greater distances on microfibers, aligned fibers, and highly porous scaffolds.
Conversely, cells exhibit elongated, spindle-shaped morphology on microfibers, aligned fibers, and high-porosity scaffolds. Cells generally exhibit rounded morphology on nanofibers, randomly oriented fibers, and low-porosity scaffolds. Variations in fiber diameter, alignment, and scaffold porosity guide stem cells toward different lineages. Therefore, this review examines fibrous proteins of the extracellular matrix and their effects on cell behavior, followed by a discussion of the cellular responses elicited by fiber diameter, alignment, and scaffold porosity of two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) synthetic scaffolds. The goal of this review is to review elements of cell–matrix interactions that are critical to informing and evaluating cellular response on synthetic scaffolds. Since cells reside within specific niches of the extracellular matrix, it is important to understand how the matrix guides cell response and then incorporate this knowledge into scaffold design. Tissue engineering often uses synthetic scaffolds to direct cell responses during engineered tissue development.
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